Post-COVID assessments have identified failures across detection (delayed initial response, testing-rollout failures), supply chain (PPE, ventilators), public communication (changing guidance, public-trust collapse), and federalism (state-federal-local coordination).
Reform proposals include:
- Detection: Strengthening CDC genomic surveillance, BARDA biothreat investments, international early-warning networks.
- Supply: Strategic National Stockpile expansion, domestic PPE and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
- Authority: Clarifying CDC and FDA emergency powers.
- Communication: Pre-positioned communication frameworks, conflict-of-interest rules, transparency commitments.
- International: WHO funding and reform, pandemic-treaty negotiations.